Paul Danove, «The 'aiteo' / 'aiteomai' Distinction in the New Testament: A Proposal.», Vol. 25 (2012) 101-118
This article investigates the seventy New Testament occurrences of aiteo to determine the motivation for and distinctive implications of the verb’s active and middle forms. The introductory discussion specifies the semantic and syntactic characteristics of aiteo and develops two features that have implications for distinguishing verbal usages. The discussion then proposes the distinction between active and middle forms and demonstrates this distinction in occurrences of the verb.
116 Paul Danove
and repeated assertions of no unfulfilled implicit constraints, he remains
a representative of the Roman government; and the daughter’s statement
recognizes that all such requests have unfulfilled implicit constraints.
Thus the verb forms are middle.
ἐξελθοῦσα εἶπεν τῇ μητρὶ αὐτῆς· τί αἰτήσωμαι; … εἰσελθοῦσα εὐθὺς μετὰ
σπουδῆς πρὸς τὸν βασιλέα ᾐτήσατο λέγουσα· θέλω ἵνα ἐξαυτῆς δῷς μοι ἐπὶ
πίνακι τὴν κεφαλὴν ᾿Ιωάννου τοῦ βαπτιστοῦ (Mark 6:24-25)
Coming out she said to her mother, “For what may I [with affect] ask?” …
Entering immediately with haste to the king she [with affect] asked saying, “I
want you to give to me on a platter the head of John the Baptist”.
4.3 Implicit Constraints: Group B
In the remaining six NT occurrences of αἰτέω (John 11:22; Acts 7:46;
13:21; Eph 3:13, 20; Col 1:9), the verb form is middle, and the contexts
introduce no unfulfilled constraints on the action. All six occurrences
have God as the referent of the Experiencer.19 However, since eight of
the twenty-five previously investigated active occurrences with God as
the referent of the Experiencer (Matt 6:8; 7:7, 8, 11; Luke 11:9, 10, 13;
Jas 1:5) appear in contexts that identify no explicit constraints and do
not account for the fulfillment of possible implicit constraints, there
can be no assumption that requests to God automatically entail implicit
constraints. Thus the motivation for these middle forms must be more
complex than that observed for the former group of occurrences with
implicit constraints.
The six occurrences present the same two distinctions that character-
ized occurrences with officials of the Roman government as referent of
the Experiencer. First, in the twenty-five previously investigated occur-
rences with God as the referent of the Experiencer, the Content comple-
ment is realized on only nine occasions; and these present no specific
referent: any deed (Matt 18:19); everything (Matt 21:22; Mark 11:24);
whatever (John 15:16; 16:23; 1 John 3:22; 5:14, 15a); and requests (1 John
5:15b). None of these requires interpretation as something that only God
can give. In contrast, the Content complement receives realization in all
six of these occurrences, and five of these have a specific referent: find-
19
Although the statement in Acts 13:21 references the request in 1 Sam 8:5, which is
addressed specifically to Samuel, the context (Acts 13:17-23) presents a rehearsal of God’s
actions for God’s people. Thus in the statement in Acts 13:21, “They asked for a king; and
God gave them Saul son of Kish”, the request contextually is addressed to God.