Paul Danove, «The 'aiteo' / 'aiteomai' Distinction in the New Testament: A Proposal.», Vol. 25 (2012) 101-118
This article investigates the seventy New Testament occurrences of aiteo to determine the motivation for and distinctive implications of the verb’s active and middle forms. The introductory discussion specifies the semantic and syntactic characteristics of aiteo and develops two features that have implications for distinguishing verbal usages. The discussion then proposes the distinction between active and middle forms and demonstrates this distinction in occurrences of the verb.
The αἰτέω / αἰτέομαι Distinction in the New Testament: A proposal 115
Content complement that the referent of the Experiencer uniquely is able
to give, there is an assumption of unfulfilled constraints on the action. To
this point in this study, this has occurred only in requests addressed to
officials.
Among the thirteen occurrences in isolation from active occurrences,
twelve appear in statements by the Agent and so focus on the recognition
of the Agent. These receive illustration in the following example.
μηδεμίαν αἰτίαν θανάτου εὑρόντες ᾐτήσαντο Πιλᾶτον ἀναιρεθῆναι
αὐτόν (Acts 13:28)
Finding no charge worthy of death, they [with affect] asked Pilate to have
him killed.
In the remaining occurrence, Herod promises with an oath to give
whatever Herodias’ daughter asks. The middle forms reflect both Herod’s
and the daughter’s recognition that all such requests entail unfulfilled
implicit constraints.
μεθ’ ὅρκου ὡμολόγησεν αὐτῇ δοῦναι ὃ ἐὰν αἰτήσηται (Matt 14:7)
With an oath, he promised to give her whatever she [with affect] might ask.
The two remaining middle occurrences (Mark 6:24-25) appear in the
context of the two active occurrences (Mark 6:22-23). All four occur-
rences have Herodias’ daughter as referent of the Agent and Herod as
the referent of the Experiencer. In the first two occurrences, Herod com-
mands the daughter to ask him first for “whatever” and then for “even
up to half of my kingdom”. This discussion interprets Herod’s escalating
assurances and oaths to indicate that Herod’s delight at the daughter’s
dancing completely satisfies the implicit constraints that typically should
accrue to him. Since the statements reflect Herod’s perspective, which
recognizes no unfulfilled implicit constraints on the daughter’s action,
the verb forms are active.
εἶπεν ὁ βασιλεὺς τῷ κορασίῳ· αἴτησόν με ὃ ἐὰν θέλῃς, καὶ δώσω σοι·
καὶ ὤμοσεν αὐτῇ πολλὰ ὅ τι ἐάν με αἰτήσῃς δώσω σοι ἕως ἡμίσους τῆς
βασιλείας μου (Mark 6:22-23)
The king said to the girl, “Ask me for whatever you wish, and I will give
[it] to you”; and he swore to her at length, “For whatever you ask me, I will
give [it], up to half of my kingdom”.
In the second two occurrences, the daughter formulates her own re-
quests, and only her perspective is applicable. Despite Herod’s explicit