Paul Danove, «The Licensing Properties of New Testament Verbs of Non-Spoken Communication» filologia-neotestamentaria, Vol. 24 (2011) 41-58 page 41

Paul Danove, «The Licensing Properties of New Testament Verbs of Non-Spoken Communication», Vol. 24 (2011) 41-58

This article resolves the semantic, syntactic, and lexical requirements for the grammatical use of the twenty-nine New Testament verbs that designate communication without a necessary reference to speaking. The discussion establishes criteria for distinguishing verbal usages, identifies four basic usages of non-spoken communication, and examines the conditions for the permissible omission of required complements. The presentation of the licensing properties of verbs with the four basic usages clarifies the similarities and dissimilarities in the realizations of complements for verbs of non-spoken and spoken communication and illustrates two further usages that are restricted to verbs of non-spoken communication. The concluding discussion considers patterns in the distribution of complements and usages among verbs of non-spoken communication.

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41 The Licensing Properties of New Testament Verbs of Non-Spoken Communication PAUL DANOVE This article resolves the semantic, syntactic, and lexical requirements for the grammatical use of the twenty-nine New Testament verbs that designate communication without a necessary reference to speaking. The discussion establishes criteria for distinguishing verbal usages, identifies four basic usages of non-spoken communication, and examines the conditions for the permissible omission of required complements. The presentation of the licensing properties of verbs with the four basic usages clarifies the simi- larities and dissimilarities in the realizations of complements for verbs of non-spoken and spoken communication and illustrates two further usages that are restricted to verbs of non-spoken communication. The concluding discussion considers patterns in the distribution of complements and usages among verbs of non-spoken communication. Keywords: Verb, communication, semantic, syntactic, lexical, non- spoken. 1. Introduction This discussion introduces the criteria for distinguishing verbal us- ages, identifies four basic usages of non-spoken communication, consid- ers the conditions under which verbs may leave complements unrealized, and clarifies the conventions of the presentation. 1.1. Resolving Usages A verbal usage incorporates all occurrences in which verbs require completion by the same semantic arguments with the same syntactic functions. For example, in specific occurrences, γνωρίζω (make known) and δείκνυμι (show) require completion by three arguments that desig- nate one who communicates, what is communicated, and the interpreter of what is communicated. These arguments function respectively as a semantic Agent (the entity that actively instigates an action and / or is the ultimate cause of a change in another entity), Content (the content of a mental or psychological state, event, or activity), and Experiencer (the animate entity that is the locus of a mental or psychological state, Filología Neotestamentaria - Vol. XXIV - 2011, pp. 41-58 Facultad de Filosofía y Letras - Universidad de Córdoba (España)