Florian Kreuzer, «Der Antagonist: Der Satan in der Hebräischen Bibel – eine bekannte Größe?», Vol. 86 (2005) 536-544
Considering the figure of N+#) in the Hebrew Bible, the attempt to reconstruct a
figure which already existed in the imaginary world of Ancient Israel in biblical
times must fail. Zech 3 and Job 1-2 obstruct the development of a precise image
out of YHWH’s environment. The texts achieve that by their inherent vagueness
of description. For this reason the antagonistic element necessary for the dramatic
plot of both texts does not consist in an already existing, known being. It is
rather named by the abstract term ‘the opponent’, in Hebrew "N+#)".
208 Ruth Fidler
(2) Ashurbanipal: Concerned about the Elamites marching against
his land, the Assyrian king comes to the temple of Ishtar and crouches
before the image of the goddess in tearful prayer (59). Subsequently, he
reports, Ishtar heard his distressful sighs and told him “do not fearâ€.
She had seen his hands raised in prayer and his eyes filled with tears
and had mercy upon him. This is another example of a theophany
invoked in a time of crisis (60) and not entitled dream. Nevertheless
some relation to the dream emerges in the immediate sequel that
describes an experience from “that same night†involving a priest of
Ishtar (“LÚπabrûâ€) (61). The Ï€abrû-priest went to bed and had a dream.
He awoke and repeated to the king the nocturnal vision (“tabrît mûπiâ€)
which Ishtar caused him to see (62). In it the goddess enters, her
weapons ready for battle, and speaks with Ashurbanipal like a mother,
assuring him of her steadfast support. The scene ends with Ishtar
wrapping the king in her baby sling, protecting his whole body. The
priest’s night vision is probably recounted to corroborate the preceding
report of the king’s encounter with the goddess, to which he was the
sole human witness, perhaps focusing on elements that the king
presumably could not see while crouching before Ishtar’s image (63).
Recently it was suggested that the priest had his dream or night vision
“at home†(64). If this is correct then the relation between the
experience reported by the priest and that of Ashurbanipal himself is
comparable to the relation between El’s appearance in Kirta’s dream
and his encounter with Dan’el: Those who visit a sacred precinct
(Ashurbanipal, Dan’el) experience a more direct encounter with the
gods invoked, whereas other theophanies — related or similar in
(59) The whole episode: Cylinder B, V:16-76. M. STRECK, Assurbanipal und
die letzten assyrischen Könige bis zum Untergange Niniveh’s (Vorderasiatische
Bibliothek 7; Leipzig 1916) II, 112-119; cf. also 190-193 (K2652); English
translation: D.D. LUCKENBILL, Ancient Records of Assyria and Babylonia
(Chicago 1926-1927) II, §§ 858-861.
(60) OPPENHEIM, The Interpretation of Dreams, 200.
(61) Ibid., §§860-861; ANET, 451.
(62) Here I followed the translation offered by S.A.L. BUTLER, Mesopotamian
Conceptions of Dreams and Dream Rituals (AOAT 258; Münster 1998) 31-32.
According to other translations the night vision seems to be a separate experience
that followed the waking of the πabrû-priest. See LUCKENBILL, Ancient Records
II, §861; OPPENHEIM, The Interpretation of Dream, 249 #10.
(63) Oppenheim (The interpretation of Dreams, 201) argued convincingly that
the two reports — the priest’s and Ashurbanipal’s — referred to one and the same
experience.
(64) HUSSER, Dreams and Dream Narratives, 40.