Gonzalo Rojas-Flores, «The Book of Revelation and the First Years of Nero’s Reign», Vol. 85 (2004) 375-392
In this article I try to demonstrate that the Book of
Revelation was written in the first years of Nero’s reign, because (a) there
is an important patristic tradition in favor of Nero and (b) the internal
evidence shows that the text was redacted after Nero’s ascension to the throne
in 54 and before the earthquake of Laodicea in 60.
378 Gonzalo Rojas-Flores
Holy Priest of the future Kingdom (1,6;20,6), specially concerned
with the rules of ritual pureness (3,4-5; 14,4; 21,8.27; 22,11.14-15),
one of the 144.000 saved ones of the Twelve Tribes of Israel (7,4-8;
14,1-5; 21,12).
After the year 70, this silence would be inexplicable in terms of
scriptural exegesis, because the destruction of Jerusalem and its
Temple was prophesied by the synoptic gospels (11) following the
tradition from Micah and Jeremiah (12). Under the influence of
Daniel (13), the destruction of Jerusalem was linked to the profanation
of its Sanctuary (14).
But John contradicts this prophetic tradition by affirming in one
of his prophecies that the believers are inside the Sanctuary and that
the exterior court has been taken by the gentiles, who will trample on
the Holy City for 42 months (Rev 11,1-2). The Temple, in
consequence, is still standing. Moreover, John prophesies that a tenth
part of Jerusalem will be destroyed by an earthquake (11,13). It is
clear that when John wrote his prophecy, Jerusalem and his Temple
had not been destroyed yet. Therefore, Revelation must have been
redacted before the year 70 (15).
It is not strange that John had contradicted the synoptic tradition,
since in the beginning there were two antagonistic positions in the
Community of Jerusalem in respect of the Temple. It is necessary to
recall the great persecution against the Community in the year 36.
Everything began with the execution — or lynching — of Stephen
(Acts 6,8–7,60) in the context of a revolt which was started among the
Hellenist Jews, specially those from the Synagogue of the Freedmen
(6,9.12). Then, a wave of arrests was ordered by the religious
authorities: “with authority received from the chief priests (26,10; cf.
22,4-5), Saul was ravaging the church by entering house after house;
dragging off both men and women, he committed them to prisonâ€
(11) Mark 13,1-2; Matt 24,1-2; Luke 21,5-6.
(12) Mic 3,12 (cf. Jer 26,18); Jer 7,12-15.
(13) Dan 9,27; 11,31; 12,11.
(14) Mark 13,14; Matt 24,15. Cf. Luke 21,20.
(15) During the nineteenth century the following supported this position:
F. BLEEK, An Introduction to the New Testament (Edinburgh 21870) II, 226;
MACDONALD, The Life and Writings of St. John, 159; F. DÜSTERDIECK, Critical
and Exegetical Handbook to the Revelation of John (New York 31886) 46-47; B.
WEISS, A Manual of Introduction to the New Testament (New York 1889) II, 82.
In the twentieth century: TORREY, The Apocalypse, 87; ROBINSON, Redating, 240-
242; GENTRY, Before, 165-192; WILSON, “The Problemâ€, 604.