Jeremy Goldberg, «Two Assyrian Campaigns against Hezehiah and Later Eight Century Biblical Chronology», Vol. 80 (1999) 360-390
The massive Assyrian invasion of Judah in 701 (reflected in 2 Kgs 18,13b; 18,1719,37) has apparently been confused with an earlier, limited invasion in Hezekiahs 14th year (reflected in 2 Kgs 18,13a.14-16; 2 Kgs 20; 2 Chr 32; Isa 22). Historically, this earlier campaign can best be dated to 712, when Sargon II apparently led the Assyrian royal guard on a Palestinian campaign. Chronologically, this dating fits perfectly with e.g. recent dating of the definitive fall of Samaria (2 Kgs 18,9: in Hezekiahs 6th year) to 720. 2 Kgs 18,9s parallel dating to Hosheas 9th year agrees with his apparent accession in 731 or 729. Dating Menahems death to 743 (as required, following biblical data, to avoid a triple overlap among Uzziah, Jotham and Ahaz) agrees with Eponym Chronicle evidence for this dating of 2 Kgs 15,19-20s presumably already desperate fiasco, and is consistent with a plausibly composite 738 tribute-list naming Menahem. Combining these datings produces a workable later 8th century biblical chronology.
7) 2 Kgs 18,10s parallel dating of the fall of Samaria to year 9 of Hoshea is generally thought to date this fall prior to 720. However, this view is based on tribute from Hoshea, thought datable to 731, which can equally well be dated to 729.
8) Combining even 729 for Hosheas accession with the generally accepted upper limit of 738 for the death of Menahem entails a triple overlap among Uzziah, Jotham and Ahaz. Such an overlap hardly appears feasible. However, this limit is based on Menahems appearance in a tribute-list set in 738 which could very well be composite, as is the case for a tribute-list set in 737 by the equally annalistic Iran stele.
9) Dating Menahems death to 743 is supported by 2 Kgs 15,19-20s onerously expensive but transitory intervention by Tiglath-Pileser III in his favor: this presumably already desperate and so very plausibly quickly fatal fiasco is best dated to 743, since the Eponym Chronicle sequence: "In Arpad." (743, following Astour; Millard), "Against Arpad." (742-740) indicates that northern Syria was militarily paralyzed in this year.
10) The preceding dates avoid a triple overlap among Judaean kings and allow construction of a precisely-defined later 8th century biblical chronology consistent with all reasonable data (Fig.1).